Responding to Digital Copyright Crime: Activating International Cooperation in Investigation and R&D

By Kim Gibeom Professor, Department of Forensics, Sungkyunkwan University

1. Introduction

Copyright crime has evolved into a globalized, organized, and sophisticated enterprise. In the past, distribution relied on individuals uploading images and videos; today, it occurs on a rapid, large-scale basis through illegal websites, IPTV, and streaming services. Copyright criminals now divide their roles within organized crime groups, employ various advertising and payment methods to generate revenue, and rely on distributed servers to evade law enforcement investigations. While profits from copyright crime remain relatively small for criminal organizations, the resulting damage proves tremendous. The investment environment in the content industry is contracting, as legal protections collapse and destabilize the creative ecosystem.

In 2020, authorities in the U.S. and Europe dismantled the “Sparks Group,” which had distributed movies and TV shows worldwide.¹⁾ From 2011 to 2020, the group acquired DVDs and Blu-rays prior to their official release and illegally distributed them via streaming, torrenting, and P2P. The operators, who were tasked with securing copyrighted material, circumventing copyright protection technology, and distributing the content online, operated 60 servers across 18 countries, including Canada and Korea.²⁾ In 2024, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (MCST), along with numerous other agencies including the Daejeon District Prosecutors’ Office, Busan Metropolitan Police, National Intelligence Service, the Korean branch of the US Homeland Security Investigations, the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), and foreign investigative agencies, arrested “Noonoo TV,” which provided copyright infringement services.³⁾

Lately, criminal organizations have evolved to engage in a variety of crimes, including gambling sites, voice phishing, and phishing. Copyright infringement sites generate revenue by attracting advertisements from gambling sites and maintain a symbiotic relationship with them. In Korea, a case was uncovered in 2025 involving an illegal link site that displayed banner ads for 32 gambling sites, generating approximately KRW 5.3 billion in advertising fees.⁴⁾

Copyright crimes have already become globalized, thus limiting the effectiveness of any country’s response. Copyright laws and criminal proceedings vary across countries, imposing significant limitations on international cooperation. R&D on copyright crimes has focused on copyright protection technologies like DRM and watermarking, devoting less attention to tracking and analyzing copyright crimes. When copyright crimes are severe, strengthening law enforcement may prove more effective than strengthening protection technologies. This is evident in Korea’s short-term decline in telecommunications financial fraud (voice phishing), which dropped by approximately 30% following the recent crackdown on a Cambodian criminal network.⁵⁾

Copyright infringements are becoming increasingly intelligent, yet the investigative system for copyright crimes remains at a standstill.⁶⁾ For this reason, international cooperative investigations and R&D in tracking and analysis technologies are urgently needed to crack down on copyright crime.

2. Current Status and Tasks of International Cooperation on Digital Copyright Crime

A. Trends in international cybercrime regulations

1) The Second Additional Protocol, Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe (CoE)
The Convention on Cybercrime by the Council of Europe, which was concluded in 2001 and became effective in 2004, is the first international convention on cybercrime. The Convention (Article 10) classifies copyright crimes as cybercrimes and incorporates substantive and procedural provisions on cybercrime.^{7) 8)} Currently, 81 countries have joined, with 16 countries invited to join.⁹⁾ Korea expressed its intent to join the Cybercrime Convention in October 2022¹⁰⁾ and received an official invitation from the Council of Europe in June 2023.¹¹⁾ Congressman Kim Hangyu proposed an amendment to the Criminal Procedure Act to establish a preservation request system, in preparation for joining the Cybercrime Convention in October 2025.¹²⁾

The Convention on Cybercrime, which was established in the early 2000s, failed to reflect the latest information and communication technology (ICT) and cybercrime trends, prompting adoption of the Second Additional Protocol in 2021 to address the issue.¹³⁾ The Second Additional Protocol includes provisions such as Request for domain name registration information (Article 6), Disclosure of subscriber information (Article 7), Giving effect to orders from another Party for expedited production of subscriber information and traffic data (Article 8), Expedited disclosure of stored computer data in an emergency (Article 9), Video conferencing (Article 11), and Protection of personal data (Article 14).

The copyright industry has established itself as a driving force for economic growth worldwide, a role that will intensify as AI technology advances, which is a topic that will be explored later. Therefore, we must foster the copyright industry while also designing more precise copyright protection policies to support its growth trajectory.

2) UN Convention against Cybercrime
On December 27, 2019, the UN resolved to establish a special committee for negotiating a new international treaty against crimes committed using ICT. Russia initiated the resolution, which passed with a vote of 79 to 60. Among the supporters were Russia, China, North Korea, and Iran, while opposition included the U.S., the U.K., Germany, Japan, and South Korea.¹⁴⁾ In December 2024, the UN General Assembly adopted the draft Convention against Cybercrime. The convention mandates that each country establish criminal penalties for cybercrimes infringing ICT technology systems, in addition to digital sex crimes, electronic information forgery, and phishing. It set standards for establishing a unified legal framework across countries regarding protocols for evidence collection (data preservation, seizure and search, etc.) and international cooperation (extradition, mutual assistance in criminal proceedings, etc.) in responding to crimes. Lastly, it stipulated the development of systematic support measures for cybercrime technology assistance and information exchange to aid developing countries.

B. Current status and limitations of international cooperation on digital copyright crimes

3) International cooperation status

MCST operates a special judicial police force within the Copyright Protection Division of the Copyright Bureau. The 2023 launch of the Copyright Crime Science Investigation Team enabled the Copyright Protection Division to strengthen its international cooperation capabilities through a special investigation task force and international cooperation investigation team.¹⁵⁾ Previously, MCST’s special judicial police lacked international cooperation capabilities, hindering efforts to crack down on illegal websites overseas. In 2021, MCST achieved a milestone by funding approximately KRW 3.6 billion to Interpol for launching the “INTERPOL Stop Online Piracy (I-SOP)” to combat online copyright crimes.¹⁶⁾ The first phase of the I-SOP project, spanning 2021 to 2024, targeted illegal IPTV services “Baro TV” and “TVDOL,” along with the illegal streaming site “Noonoo TV.” Following the successful completion of Phase 1, Phase 2 is scheduled to be funded with KRW 4.2 billion from 2025 to 2029.¹⁷⁾ In 2023, MCST arrested three suspects who operated an illegal IPTV service in Indonesia through an international cooperation with the Busan Metropolitan Police, INTERPOL, and the Indonesian Directorate General of Intellectual Property.¹⁸⁾ In 2024, the ministry blocked all websites that illegally distributed Korean dramas and other content in Thailand through public-private partnerships involving domestic copyright holders, the Thai Department of Intellectual Property, the Ministry of Digital Economy and Society, the Thai branch of Motion Picture Association of America (MPA), the Alliance for Creativity and Entertainment (ACE), the Thai Film Association, and Thai news agencies.¹⁹⁾ Meanwhile, in February 2025, MCST arrested two ringleaders of an illegal streaming website in Vietnam through an international cooperation with the Daejeon District Prosecutors’ Office, the National Police Agency, and INTERPOL.²⁰⁾

4) Types of international cooperation and their pros and cons

a)Types of formal cooperation

International cooperation comprises formal cooperation, such as mutual legal assistance (MLA) and extradition, and informal cooperation, such as cooperation with investigative agencies, international organizations (including INTERPOL), and private companies. International MLA provides the necessary assistance for the investigation, trial, evidence collection, seizure, search, and verification of criminal cases through diplomatic channels.²¹⁾ This framework rests on the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) and the Act on International Judicial Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters. In the MLA procedure, an investigator receives a request for assistance from a prosecutor, which is then forwarded to the Minister of Justice via the Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, and the Minister of Justice conveys it to the requested country through the Minister of Foreign Affairs.²²⁾

Extradition enables the country where a crime took place to request the handover of a criminal who has fled to another country.²³⁾ This process is based on the Extradition Treaty and the Extradition Act. An extraditable offense is punishable by death penalty, life imprisonment, or imprisonment for not less than a year under the laws of the Republic of Korea and the requesting country (Article 6). Under the Copyright Act, illegal reproduction and exhibition are punishable by imprisonment for up to five years or a fine of up to KRW 50 million, qualifying them as extraditable offenses (Article 136, Paragraph 1). Formal cooperation is binding and can enforce compliance from the other country, though its complex and time-consuming procedures pose limitations.

b) Types of informal cooperation

Types of informal cooperation refer to a system where investigative agencies directly request cooperation from other investigative agencies, international organizations, and private companies in other countries. Investigative agency cooperation is similar to police-to-police or prosecutor-to-prosecutor cooperation. It proves effective when a trust-based network of people is established with another country and that country’s consent and cooperation are obtained. International agency cooperation entails investigative agencies partnering with international organizations, such as INTERPOL and EUROPOL.

Private company cooperation involves investigative agencies collaborating with private companies, such as internet service providers, virtual asset exchanges, and cloud service providers. This enables gathering of subscriber information, access records, and virtual asset transaction details. However, informal cooperation is non-binding, preventing enforced compliance from the other country or relying on voluntary cooperation based on reciprocity.

Informal cooperation in extradition includes the repatriation of fugitives. The extradition of fugitives refers to the process of deporting individuals who have been indicted for crimes punishable by a maximum sentence of two years or more, or those who have fled the country and have had their prosecution suspended after being indicted (Articles 12 and 19 of the Passport Act).

5) Limitations of international cooperation

Korea’s international cooperative investigative capabilities for copyright crimes have grown significantly through the I-SOP project. The project has directly enabled crackdowns on copyright criminals responsible for causing significant damage to Korea. However, international cooperative investigations remain challenging due to different laws and attitudes toward copyright crimes across countries. MCST supports culture, copyright, and tourism through multilateral cooperation projects with international organizations such as WIPO and UNESCO under its Official Development Assistance (ODA) program; however, it lacks support for copyright crime enforcement.²⁴⁾ Korea has yet to fully accede to the CoE’s Convention on Cybercrime, a key pillar of international cooperation on cybercrime. The number of personnel dispatched to INTERPOL, EUROPOL, etc., remains few, thereby showing limitations with international cooperation capabilities.

3. Current Status and Tasks of Copyright R&D

C. Current status of copyright R&D

Copyright R&D projects, which were promoted from 2022 to 2025 by the Korea Creative Content Agency (KOCCA), an MCST-affiliated organization, primarily focus on copyright creation and content protection. These projects comprise 18 out of the 22 major projects. Specifically, these include “R&D on 4D realistic content creation and core copyright technologies using AI” (2022), “Development of preemptive copyright protection technology for webtoon content” (2023), and “Development of content analysis and type information determination technology for the global expansion of public domain works.”

However, digital forensics research for tracking and analyzing copyright crimes remains comparatively insufficient, with only four projects out of the 22 major projects underway. These projects include “Development of a cloud-based remote storage device evidence collection and copyright infringement data database” (2022), “Development of AI-based copyright forensic collection tools for identifying and detecting copyright infringement content” (2024), “Development of an international cooperative investigation system for the protection of Korean Wave content,” and “Development of generative AI content copyright infringement detection technology and training of global professionals” (2024). Given the technological sophistication of copyright crimes, there is an urgent need to develop technologies for tracking and analyzing criminal organizations.

<Table 1> KOCCA’s Major R&D Projects in the Copyright Field (2022-2025)


<Figure 1> Development of an AI-based Copyright Forensics Collection Tool (Draft)

D. Copyright crime tracking and analysis R&D project

1) Development of AI-based copyright forensic collection tools for identifying and detecting copyright infringement content

KOCCA is pursuing the “Development of AI-based copyright forensic collection tools for identifying and detecting copyright infringement content” project in 2024. The goal is to develop tools that automatically detect illegal content while systematically collecting and analyzing copyright forensic data using AI. Specifically, the project aims to develop a domestically produced AI digital evidence collection tool that recognizes content infringement types, along with specialized copyright forensic technology for the automatic detection and collection of copyright infringement.

2) Development of an international cooperative investigation system for the protection of Korean Wave content

KOCCA launched the “Development of an international cooperative investigation system for the protection of Korean Wave content” project in 2024. The project involves domestic participants, including the MCST Specialized Judicial Police, Korea Copyright Protection Agency (KCOPA), the National Police Agency, and copyright owners, alongside international participants, including INTERPOL and major national police agencies. It aims to develop a platform for sharing information and evidence necessary for international cooperative investigations of digital copyright crimes.30) Specifically, it aims to develop technology that will enable the sharing of information and evidence among investigative agencies from multiple countries, including INTERPOL, during extended international collaboration on major cases like “Noonoo TV.” The project was inspired by the fact that copyright crimes involve a large and diverse array of evidence, making email sharing difficult. The project will develop an international cooperation platform technology that leverages the copyright crime investigation systems of major countries to share information and evidence using blockchain technology while maintaining consistency and evidentiary value.

E. Limitations

Korea lacks any organization dedicated to tracking and analyzing copyright crimes. KCOPA carries out digital forensics on copyright crimes, yet it does not have a research organization. The National Police Agency and the Supreme Prosecutors’ Office conduct research on cybercrime investigations and digital forensics; however, they do not focus on tracking and analyzing copyright crimes. Some universities have departments that research copyright protection technology and digital forensics, though none specialize in tracking and analyzing copyright crimes. KCOPA recently launched a human resources development program as part of its R&D projects, but it falls short of requirements.

<Figure 2> Operational Plan for the International Cooperative Investigation Platform for Copyright Crime

4. Countermeasures against Digital Copyright Crimes

F. Measures to activate international cooperative investigation

Korea must join the CoE Convention on Cybercrime and the UN Convention against Cybercrime in order to strengthen its international cooperative investigation capabilities for copyright crimes. Moreover, MCST should expand its support for the I-SOP project and encourage cooperation to crack down on cases that cause significant domestic damage, in line with Korea’s contributions. It is also necessary to more actively share copyright crime information with major countries, such as the U.S. and Europe, and strengthen joint responses to notorious illegal websites operated by organized crime. 

Cooperation with developing countries is also important. Offering support for education, training, and equipment distribution through ODA projects will enhance copyright protection capabilities. Invitational training programs prove particularly effective in building sustainable networks. For this reason, selecting four to five countries each year and inviting approximately 20 individuals would promote cooperation not only between Korea and developing countries, but also among developing countries.

Hosting an OSINT-based copyright crime challenge led by MCST or INTERPOL merits serious consideration. This approach will provide new investigative leads and, for criminal organizations, increase the risk and cost of detection, which could potentially deter criminal activity. Participants will gain practical experience in tracking and analyzing copyright infringement, and investigative agencies will leverage accumulated information for the prompt identification of suspects.

Finally, Korea should foster a global network of specialized copyright infringement investigation companies. Investigative agencies find it difficult to handle all copyright crimes on their own; therefore, it is necessary to establish an ecosystem that allows copyright holders to utilize specialized companies for tracking and analysis, and file complaints with investigative agencies based on the results. The current mass filing system, centered around law firms, needs improvement, since it leads to a passive response from investigative agencies and makes it difficult to apprehend the ringleaders of criminal organizations.

G. Measures to revitalize R&D

Expanding R&D projects for tracking and analyzing copyright crimes significantly stands as a priority to encourage universities and research institutes to conduct research in related fields, along with offering opportunities for specialized companies to participate. KOCCA should allocate a certain portion of the R&D projects it conducts toward tracking and analyzing copyright crimes.

Individually, the “Development of an international cooperative investigation system for the protection of Korean Wave content” counts as a significant project for enhancing international cooperation in copyright crimes. Once successfully established, the international cooperation platform should be expanded to allow access by Korea, INTERPOL, and investigative agencies worldwide. It would be even more beneficial if it were equipped with diverse tracking and analysis technologies for copyright crimes. It is also necessary to develop technologies that can counteract the complex networks used to conceal servers and, even after detection, to resume crimes in real time through server replication. Moreover, urgent R&D should prioritize immediately illegal streaming path tracking, AI-based detection of re-creations, cover songs, and deepfake content, along with watermark neutralization technologies.

It is also necessary to establish a copyright crime R&D council that brings together academia, investigative agencies, and industry to align and coordinate R&D directions. Currently, technological development and investigative practices are separated, which makes it difficult to develop practical technologies. Therefore, a strategy must be established to develop international standards-based technologies that enable the results of these R&D efforts to be effectively shared with overseas investigative agencies and copyright organizations.

1) Europol, “One of Biggest Online Piracy Groups in World Taken Down,” 2020.08.26. https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/one-of-biggest-online-piracy-groups-in-world-taken-down (Final confirmation, Dec. 09, 2025)

2) U.S. Department of Justice, “Manhattan U.S. Attorney Announces Extradition Of British National For Participation In Online Film And TV Piracy Group,” 2021.09.01. https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/manhattan-us-attorney-announces-extradition-british-national-participation-online-film (Final confirmation, Dec. 09, 2025)　

3) MCST press release, “The operator of ‘Noonoo TV,’ Korea’s largest copyright infringement website, arrested,” Dec. 16, 2024. https://www.mcst.go.kr/site/s_notice/press/pressView.jsp?pSeq=21548 (Final confirmation, Dec. 10, 2025)

4) Gangwon Provincial Police press release, “Eight Individuals Arrested for Illegally Distributing Copyrighted Content and Profiting from Advertising Fees for Gambling Sites,” Dec. 08, 2025. https://www.gwpolice.go.kr/gw/sub03/sub03_02.jsp?groupNo=11035&boardNo=607&amode=itemView&category=&cpage=1&searchType=&searchString= (Last confirmation, Dec. 09, 2025)
5) The National Policy Agency press release, “Voice Phishing in Decline Two Months after the Launch of the Government-wide Integrated Telecommunications and Financial Fraud Task Force,” Dec. 08, 2025. https://www.police.go.kr/user/bbs/BD_selectBbs.do?q_bbsCode=1002&q_bbscttSn=20251208072302095 (Last confirmation, Dec. 09, 2025)

6) S. Alex Yang, Angela Huyue Zhang, “Generative AI and Copyright: A Dynamic Perspective,” Theoretical Economics, 2024. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.17801

7) Park Jaesung, “Trends in International Cybercrime Conventions- Focusing on the Second Additional Protocol to the Budapest Convention and the UN Convention against Cybercrime-,” Justice (185), 2021, Pages 246-284.

8) The procedural law includes provisions on Expedited preservation of stored computer data (Article 16), Production order (Article 18), Search and seizure of stored computer data (Article 19), and Real-time collection of traffic data (Article 20).

9) Council of Europe, https://www.coe.int/en/web/cybercrime/the-budapest-convention (Last confirmation, Dec. 12, 2025)　

10) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Submission of a statement of intent to join the Convention on Cybercrime (aka the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime),” Oct.11, 2022. https://www.mofa.go.kr/www/brd/4080/view.do?seq=372854&srchFr=&amp;srchTo=&amp;srchWord=&amp;srchTp=&amp;multi_itm_seq=0&amp;itm_seq_1=0&amp;itm_seq_2=0&amp;company_cd=&amp;company_nm=&amp;pitem=10 (Last confirmation, Dec. 09, 2025)

11) Council of Europe, “Cameroon, Korea, Sierra Leone and Uruguay invited to join the Convention on Cybercrime,” 2023.02.09. https://www.coe.int/en/web/cybercrime/-/cameroon-korea-sierra-leone-and-uruguay-invited-to-join-the-convention-on-cybercrime (Last confirmation, Dec. 09, 2025)

12) Public Participation Legislative Center, “Partial Amendment to the Criminal Procedure Act,” Oct. 023, 2025. https://opinion.lawmaking.go.kr/gcom/nsmLmSts/out/2213459/detailRP (Last confirmation, Dec. 12, 2025) The bill was absorbed into the committee as an alternative.

13) Council of Europe, “Second Additional Protocol to the Cybercrime Convention adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe,” 2021.11.17. https://www.coe.int/en/web/cybercrime/-/second-additional-protocol-to-the-cybercrime-convention-adopted-by-the-committee-of-ministers-of-the-council-of-europe (Last confirmation, Dec. 09, 2025)

14) Park Jaesung, “Trends in International Cybercrime Conventions- Focusing on the Second Additional Protocol to the Budapest Convention and the UN Convention against Cybercrime-,” Justice (185), 2021, Pages 246-284.

15) MCST press release, “The ‘Copyright Crime Science Investigation Team’ and the ‘Copyright Crime Analysis Lab’ will Thoroughly Investigate Illegal Distribution of K-content,” Oct. 23, 2023. https://www.mcst.go.kr/site/s_notice/press/pressView.jsp?pSeq=20570 (Last confirmation, Dec. 09, 2025.12.09)

16) INTERPOL, “Project I-SOP: INTERPOL Stop Online Piracy,” https://www.interpol.int/Crimes/Illicit-goods/Projects/Project-I-SOP (Last confirmation, Jul, 17, 2025)

17) MCST press release, “MCST, the National Police Agency, and INTERPOL Continue to Collaborate Internationally to Respond to Online Copyright Infringement,” Jan. 15, 2025. https://www.mcst.go.kr/site/s_notice/press/pressView.jsp?pSeq=21606 (Last confirmation, Nov. 20, 2025)

18) MCST press release, “Illegal IPTV service operator, ‘TVOOO’ Targeting Korean Residents in Indonesia Has Been Arrested and Shut Down,” Dec. 04, 2023. http://www.mcst.go.kr/site/s_notice/press/pressView.jsp?pSeq=20675 (Last confirmation, Dec. 09, 2025)　

19) MCST press release, “’No More Free K-Contents’ with the First Shut Down of Illegal Website in Thai,” Aug. 22, 2024. http://www.mcst.go.kr/site/s_notice/press/pressView.jsp?pSeq=21316 (Last confirmation, Dec. 09, 2025)

20) MCST press release, “The Head of an Illegal K-content Streaming Site in Vietnam Has Been Arrested Following an Internationally Coordinated Investigation,” Feb. 10, 2025. http://www.mcst.go.kr/site/s_notice/press/pressView.jsp?pSeq=21638 (Last confirmation, Dec. 09, 2025)

21) Min Heunggi, “Understanding and Strengthening International Cooperation – Focusing on INTERPOL,” Journal of the Korean Association of Police Science, 24(2), 2022, Page 335.

22) Cho Sunho, “A Study on International Cooperation in Criminal Investigation - Focusing on the Investigation and Repatriation of Fugitive Offenders -,” The Police Science Journal, 5(1), 2010, Page 264.

23) Kim Youngjoon, “A Study on the Term of Arrest and Investigation of Fugitive Offenders Abroad: Focusing on the Limitations of Criminal Investigation,” The Journal of Police Studies, 25(1), 2025. Page 5-28.
24) Committee for International Development Cooperation, “Results of the 2024 Evaluation of Implementing Agencies and the 2028 plan,” Feb. 20, 2025.
 https://www.odakorea.go.kr/SynapDocViewServer/viewer/doc.html?key=ef370c2c2568488d8ffc7e06fee388c2&convType=img&convLocale=en_US&contextPath=/SynapDocViewServer (Last confirmation, Jul. 17, 2025)
25) KOCCA, “Announcement of the 2022 Culture, Sports, and Tourism R&D Support Project Designation Announcement,” Apr., 21, 2022. https://www.kocca.kr/kocca/bbs/view/B0000137/1847049.do?searchCnd=1&searchWrd=%EC%A7%80%EC%9B%90%EC%82%AC%EC%97%85&cateTp1=07&cateTp2=&useYn=&menuNo=204802&categorys=0&subcate=0&cateCode=&type=&instNo=0&questionTp=&ufSetting=&recovery=&option1=&option2=&year=&morePage=&qtp=&domainId=&sortCode=&pageIndex=17 (Last confirmation, Dec. 09. 2025)

26) KOCCA, “Announcement of the 2023 Culture, Sports, and Tourism R&D Project Designation Competition (Copyright) Selection Results,” Apr. 17, 2023. https://www.kocca.kr/kocca/bbs/view/B0000137/2002854.do?searchCnd=1&searchWrd=2023%EB%85%84+%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%B2%B4%EC%9C%A1%EA%B4%80%EA%B4%91&cateTp1=07&cateTp2=&useYn=&menuNo=204802&categorys=0&subcate=0&cateCode=&type=&instNo=0&questionTp=&ufSetting=&recovery=&option1=&option2=&year=&morePage=&qtp=&domainId=&sortCode=&pageIndex=1 (Last confirmation, Dec. 09, 2025.12.09)

27) KOCCA, “Results of the 2024 Culture, Sports, and Tourism R&D Project (Copyright Field) Re-announcement and New Project Selection Evaluation,” Jul. 16, 2024. https://www.kocca.kr/kocca/bbs/view/B0000137/2006503.do?searchCnd=1&searchWrd=2024%EB%85%84+%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%B2%B4%EC%9C%A1%EA%B4%80%EA%B4%91&cateTp1=07&cateTp2=&useYn=&menuNo=204802&categorys=0&subcate=0&cateCode=&type=&instNo=0&questionTp=&ufSetting=&recovery=&option1=&option2=&year=&morePage=&qtp=&domainId=&sortCode=&pageIndex=1 (Last confirmation, Dec. 09, 2025)

28) KOCCA, “Results of the 2024 Culture, Sports, and Tourism R&D Project (Copyright Field) Open Call for New Projects,” Apr. 22, 2024. https://www.kocca.kr/kocca/bbs/view/B0000137/2005609.do?searchCnd=1&searchWrd=2024%EB%85%84&cateTp1=07&cateTp2=&useYn=&menuNo=204802&categorys=0&subcate=0&cateCode=&type=&instNo=0&questionTp=&ufSetting=&recovery=&option1=&option2=&year=&morePage=&qtp=&domainId=&sortCode=&pageIndex=13 (Last confirmation, Dec. 09 2025)
29) KOCCA, “Results of the 2025 Culture, Sports, and Tourism R&D Project (Copyright Sector) Designation, and Section and Evaluation of New Open Call Projects,” 2025.04.29. https://www.kocca.kr/kocca/bbs/view/B0000137/2008681.do?searchCnd=1&searchWrd=%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C%EC%82%AC%EC%97%85&cateTp1=07&cateTp2=&useYn=&menuNo=204802&categorys=0&subcate=0&cateCode=&type=&instNo=0&questionTp=&ufSetting=&recovery=&option1=&option2=&year=&morePage=&qtp=&domainId=&sortCode=&pageIndex=1 (Last confirmation, Dec. 09, 2025)
30) KOCCA, “Results of the 2025 Culture, Sports, and Tourism R&D Project (Copyright Field) Re-announcement and New Project Selection Evaluation,” Jul. 16, 2024. https://www.kocca.kr/kocca/bbs/view/B0000137/2006503.do?menuNo=204802 (Last confirmation, Nov. 20, 2025)